Zonderwater Correctional Services, located approximately 43 kilometers from Pretoria, is a site steeped in history, reflecting both the human endurance and the profound legacies of the past. Once home to the largest detention camp built by the Allies during World War II, Zonderwater holds a unique place in South Africa’s history.
The History of Zonderwater: A World War II Detention Camp
Zonderwater, established in 1941, was originally a detention camp for Italian Prisoners of War (POWs) captured by the British during the North and East African campaigns. The camp, designed to accommodate more than 100,000 men, became a small city of sorts—an unexpected testament to human creativity and resilience in the face of adversity. By 1943, what began as a sprawling tent city was transformed into a permanent complex of red-brick buildings and wooden structures. With 14 blocks, each containing 4 camps, and a total capacity of 112,000 prisoners, Zonderwater became one of the largest POW camps in the world.
The Spirit of Zonderwater: Resilience and Reinvention
Despite the harsh conditions of captivity, Zonderwater was more than just a site for imprisonment. It became a hub of activity, creativity, and self-improvement, where prisoners found ways to maintain their dignity, skills, and hope. Faced with the challenges of internment, the prisoners organized themselves and took steps to make life more bearable.
One of the most remarkable aspects of Zonderwater was the educational and recreational opportunities it offered. Prisoners started language schools, primary education for the illiterate, and even technical/vocational training. A thriving cultural scene emerged, with literature, theater, music, and arts playing significant roles in the lives of the prisoners. The camp also had 17 active theaters and a camp magazine that helped maintain morale.
On the sports front, Zonderwater boasted impressive facilities, including 16 football fields, 80 areas for playing bowls, fencing fields, tennis courts, boxing rings, and more. The prisoners’ pursuit of physical and mental well-being reflected their determination to overcome adversity and maintain a sense of normalcy during their captivity.
The Role of Leadership and External Support
The success of this unusual community within a POW camp can be attributed to a number of factors, most notably the leadership of Colonel Prinsloo, the South African commander of the camp. His combination of humanity and competence helped foster an environment where prisoners were able to organize their own educational, recreational, and cultural activities.
Additionally, Zonderwater received significant support from various humanitarian organizations such as the YMCA and the Italian Red Cross. These organizations provided both material and moral assistance, helping to improve the conditions for the prisoners. The local Italian community in South Africa also played a crucial role in assisting the POWs, with communities from cities like Cape Town offering their support through assistance committees.
Zonderwater’s Cemetery: Remembering the Fallen
A significant part of Zonderwater’s history is its cemetery, which houses the remains of 252 Italian POWs. The “Tre Archi” (Three Arches) cemetery stands as a powerful memorial to those who died during their captivity. The inscription on the central cross of the cemetery reads:
“Morti in prigionia / Vinti nella carne / Invitti nello spirito / L’Italia lontana / Vi benedice in eterno”
(Dead in captivity / Defeated in flesh / Undefeated in spirit / Faraway Italy / Blesses you forever).
This poignant tribute is a reminder of the enduring spirit of the prisoners and their connection to their homeland, even in death. In 2016, the remains of 25 Italian POWs were moved from the Worcester Cemetery to Zonderwater Cemetery, further cementing the site as a place of remembrance and reflection.
Zonderwater Today: A Historic and Educational Landmark
Today, Zonderwater serves as a powerful reminder of South Africa’s role in World War II and the resilience of the men who endured captivity. The legacy of Zonderwater is not only found in its history as a POW camp but also in the continued efforts to preserve and share this remarkable story. It stands as both a memorial to those who lost their lives and a testament to the extraordinary achievements of the prisoners during their time in captivity.
For those interested in South African history, Zonderwater Correctional Services is a significant landmark worth visiting. Its story of human perseverance, creativity, and solidarity remains relevant today, offering valuable lessons about the importance of community, resilience, and the power of the human spirit in overcoming adversity.
Overview of Public Universities in South Africa
Here's an overview of some public universities in South Africa, including general admissions requirements and estimated application periods. Keep in mind, specific program requirements and dates can vary significantly, so it's important to check each university's official website for the most current information.
University of Pretoria
- Admissions Requirements: National Senior Certificate with minimum scores in specific subjects related to the chosen program; for international students, equivalent qualifications.
- Application Period: Usually opens in March and closes at the end of July for most programs.
University of Cape Town
- Admissions Requirements: National Senior Certificate with pass levels required for degree study; subject-specific requirements depending on the program.
- Application Period: Application opens in April and closes at the end of July.
Stellenbosch University
- Admissions Requirements: National Senior Certificate with required marks; some programs have additional testing.
- Application Period: Opens in March and typically closes at the end of June.
University of the Witwatersrand
- Admissions Requirements: Matriculation certificate with university exemption; required scores vary by faculty.
- Application Period: Begins in March and ends on the 30th of September.
University of Johannesburg
- Admissions Requirements: Matric exemption with a minimum APS score; specific subject requirements based on the faculty.
- Application Period: Opens in April and generally closes by the 30th of September.
University of the Free State
- Admissions Requirements: National Senior Certificate with specific marks for the program applied to; additional requirements for certain courses.
- Application Period: Typically opens in April and closes at the end of August.
University of Venda
- Admissions Requirements: Completion of the National Senior Certificate with an endorsement for diploma or degree studies; specific APS scores needed.
- Application Period: Usually from May to September.
University of Fort Hare
- Admissions Requirements: National Senior Certificate with university exemption; certain programs may have specific requirements.
- Application Period: Opens around May and closes at the end of September.
University of the Western Cape
- Admissions Requirements: National Senior Certificate with specific performance levels; additional requirements for certain programs.
- Application Period: Generally from May to September.
North-West University
- Admissions Requirements: National Senior Certificate with university exemption; program-specific requirements may apply.
- Application Period: Opens in March and usually closes by the end of August.
Rhodes University
- Admissions Requirements: National Senior Certificate or equivalent; minimum academic performance in certain subjects.
- Application Period: Applications open in April and close at the end of September.
Nelson Mandela University
- Admissions Requirements: National Senior Certificate with required scores for chosen programs; portfolio or additional tests for some faculties.
- Application Period: Opens in April, with a deadline at the end of August for most programs.
Cape Peninsula University of Technology
- Admissions Requirements: National Senior Certificate with specific scores; additional requirements for certain courses.
- Application Period: Opens in May and typically closes by the end of September.
University of Limpopo
- Admissions Requirements: Senior Certificate with endorsement for diploma or degree courses; specific APS scores for different programs.
- Application Period: From April to September.
University of Zululand
- Admissions Requirements: National Senior Certificate with an endorsement for bachelor’s degree studies; specific score requirements for various programs.
- Application Period: Usually between April and November.
Central University of Technology
- Admissions Requirements: National Senior Certificate with specific scores for the chosen field of study; additional criteria for certain programs.
- Application Period: Application period generally starts in May and ends in October.
Vaal University of Technology
- Admissions Requirements: National Senior Certificate with a pass that qualifies for admission to bachelor’s degree, diploma, or higher certificate programs.
- Application Period: Typically from May to September.
Walter Sisulu University
- Admissions Requirements: National Senior Certificate with required scores for chosen programs; additional criteria for certain faculties.
- Application Period: From April to September.
This list provides a starting point for understanding the admissions landscape across South Africa's diverse higher education institutions. Given the variability in programs and requirements, it's crucial to consult each university's website for the most accurate and up-to-date information.